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Though the salaries of researchers are paid by the Spanish government, the research itself is funded by grants from around the world. The center recently won a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for its work as part of a consortium developing an HIV vaccine.

This type of work is representative of much of the top biomedica l and biotechnology research going on around the country. Spain has a strong background in research: the country has histor ica l ly produced a signi f icant percentage of the papers published in scienti f ic journals f rom European research centers.

Manel Esteller, director of the Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO in Spanish), is one of the first Spanish scientists to land on the pages of the Wall Street Journal. His research on monozygotic twins (who share the same DNA) and cancer, and how aging and environment affect DNA and the incidence of cancer, has broad implications for treatment and management of the disease.

The strength of Spanish research has drawn international companies to set up research facilities in the country. Pharmaceutical firms including Merck, Lilly, Abbott, and Baxter have developed labs in Spain. The French pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Aventis is currently investing nearly eight million euros (about $10.5 million) in a new basicresearch center outside Madrid.

The CNB’s focus on technology transfer had been historically rare in Spain. In the past, there had not been much interest in patenting discoveries, or in transferring knowledge to companies that could develop and market the resulting technologies and profit from the research. “We’ve produced about 4 percent of papers on biotechnology in the world, and we’re the fourth country in Europe in terms of those publ ications, but we’ve been at the back of the line in terms of patents,” says José Luis Jorcano of Genoma España. The organization primarily provides funding for major research programs, such as one, in conjunction with Genoma Canada, studying fish metabolism and changes in the expression of genes at different points in fish development.